Introduction to Epigenetics
Welcome to our epigenetics lesson. Before we dive into the details, let’s clarify some commonly confused words in this field.
1. DNA Methylation vs. Histone Methylation
While both involve adding a methyl group, DNA methylation occurs on the DNA molecule itself, while histone methylation occurs on the histone proteins around which DNA is wrapped.
2. Epigenetics vs. Genetics
Epigenetics refers to the changes in gene expression without altering the DNA sequence, whereas genetics deals with the inherited traits encoded in the DNA sequence.
3. Acetylation vs. Methylation
Acetylation involves adding an acetyl group, often associated with gene activation, while methylation involves adding a methyl group, often associated with gene silencing.
4. Epigenome vs. Genome
The genome is the complete set of genetic material in an organism, while the epigenome refers to the chemical modifications on the genome that regulate gene expression.
5. Transcription vs. Translation
Transcription is the process of copying DNA into RNA, while translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from RNA.
6. Promoter vs. Enhancer
Promoters are DNA sequences that initiate gene transcription, while enhancers are DNA sequences that enhance the transcription process.
7. Heterochromatin vs. Euchromatin
Heterochromatin is tightly packed DNA, often transcriptionally inactive, while euchromatin is loosely packed DNA, often transcriptionally active.
8. Epigenetic Marks vs. Genetic Mutations
Epigenetic marks are reversible modifications that can be dynamically changed, while genetic mutations are permanent changes in the DNA sequence.
9. Imprinting vs. Inheritance
Imprinting refers to the differential expression of genes based on their parental origin, while inheritance involves the passing of genetic material from one generation to the next.
10. Epigenetic Plasticity vs. Stability
Epigenetic plasticity refers to the ability of epigenetic marks to change in response to environmental cues, while stability refers to the maintenance of epigenetic marks over time.